An Operating System is the software that controls the operation of a computer, directs the input and output of data, keeps track of files, and controls the processing of computer programs.

Its roles include managing the functioning of the computer hardware, running the applications programs, serving as an interface between the computer and the user, and allocating computer resources to various functions. Through a process called time-sharing, a large computer can handle interaction with hundreds of users simultaneously, giving each the perception of being the sole user.

When several jobs reside in the computer simultaneously and share resources (multitasking), the OS allocates fixed amounts of CPU time and memory in turn or allows one job to read data while another writes to a printer and still another performs computations.

Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs and users. Applications access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these interfaces, the application can request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and receive the results of the operation.

For hand-held and desktop computers, the GUI is generally considered part of the operating system. For large multiuser systems, the GUI is generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating system.

Windows 98

Windows 98 is an operating system that lets you use different types of applications or software. For example, it allows you to use a word processing application to write a letter, and a spreadsheet application to track your financial information.

Windows 98 is a graphical user interface (GUI). It has pictures (graphical) that you use (user) to communicate (interface) with the computer. This type of system is popular because it's logical, fun and easy to use.

This operating system has multitasking capabilities, meaning it can run several applications at the same time. Multitasking allows you to view this module on the Internet at the same time that you practice using other applications with Windows 98.

Microsoft XP

Windows XP, Microsoft's first OS to combine the Windows 9x code with the NT code, finally removing the MS-DOS layer from Windows 9x, was released on October 25, 2001.

Windows XP is a line of proprietary operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on general-purpose computer systems, including home and business desktops, notebook computers, and media centers. The letters "XP" stand for eXPerience. XP added improved support for gaming, digital photography, instant messaging and wireless networking.

It added a personal firewall, and it improved the sharing of connections to the Internet.XP handles audio and video more efficiently than earlier versions of Windows, something which becomes apparent when you're using Windows Messenger.

DOS

Microsoft Disk Operating System is the Microsoft-marketed version of the first widely-installed operating system in personal computers.

It was essentially the same Operating System that Bill Gates's young company developed for IBM as Personal Computer- Disk Operating System(PC-DOS).

Most users... of either DOS system reffered to their systems as Disk Operating System .

Like PC-DOS , MS-DOS was (and still is) a non-graphical line-oriented command driven operating system, with a relatively simple interface but not overly "fiendly" user interface.Its prompt to enter a command look like this :

C:>

The first Microsoft Windows operating system was really an application that ran on top of MS-DOS operating System.

Today, Windows operating Systems continue to support DOS(or a DOS-like user interface) for special purpose by emulating the operating system.

Inside BIOS

Basic Input/Output System also incorrectly known as Basic Integrated Operating System and occasionally Built In Operating System.

BIOS refers to the firmware code run by an IBM compatible PC when first powered on.

The primary function of the BIOS is to prepare the machine so other software programs stored on various media (such as hard drives, floppies, and CDs) can load, execute, and assume control of the PC.

This process is known as booting up.

BIOS The set of routines stored in read-only memory that enable a computer to start the operating system and to communicate with the various devices in the system, such as disk drives, keyboard, monitor, printer, and communications ports.

Windows Vista

Windows Vista contains hundreds of new and reworked features; some of the most significant include an updated graphical user interface and visual style dubbed Windows Aero, improved searching features, new multimedia creation tools such as Windows DVD Maker, and completely redesigned networking, audio, print, and display sub-systems. Vista also aims to increase the level of communication between machines on a home network using peer-to-peer technology, making it easier to share files and digital media between computers and devices.

Microsoft assures you that Windows Vista will bring transparency to your world, so you can more safely and confidently rely on your PC. Get more lively multi-media experience with dynamic audio-video output, music and TV, exclusively on your Windows Vista-based PC.

Windows Vista also enables you to always stay connected to the people who are important to you from anywhere. Windows Vista always supports you to do what you dreamt of.

Linux Basics

Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free software and open source development; typically all underlying source code can be freely modified, used, and redistributed by anyone.

The Linux kernel was first released to the public on 17 September 1991, for the Intel x86 PC architecture. The kernel was augmented with system utilities and libraries from the GNU project to create a usable operating system, which led to an alternative term, GNU/Linux.

Linux is packaged for different uses in Linux distributions, which contain the sometimes modified kernel along with a variety of other software packages tailored to different requirements.

Linux is a complete operating system that is similar but not identical to UNIX. It runs on a wide variety of hardware, ranging from 386's/486's/Pentium*/etc to more exotic hardware such as Digital Alpha computers, PowerPCs, and Silicon Graphics workstations.

Probably the most unique characterisitc of Linux is that it is freely distributable. Freely distributable means that the source code for the kernel and most software cannot be withheld. It does not mean that companies cannot charge for it.

Visual Basic

Visual Basic is a high level programming language evolved from the earlier DOS version called BASIC. [Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code], programming language from Microsoft specialized for developing Windows applications.

Visual Basic is Easy to learn Programming language. With Visual Basic you can develop Windows based applications and games. When first released in 1991, it was similar to Microsoft's QuickBASIC, With its visual user interface development tools.

Visual Basic became very popular by the mid-1990s. Visual Basic is much more easier to learn than other language (like Visual C++), and yet it's powerful programming language.

In VISUAL BASIC, programming is done in a graphical environment. Because users may click on a certain object randomly, so each object has to be programmed independently to be able to response to those actions (events).

C

C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system.

It is a high-level programming language that is able to manipulate the computer at a low level like assembly language. During the last half of the 1980s, C became the language of choice for developing commercial software.

C has also greatly influenced many other popular languages, especially C++, which was originally designed as an enhancement to C. It is the most commonly used programming language for writing system software, though it is also widely used for writing applications.C, and its object-oriented successor C++, are used to write a huge variety of applications and almost all operating systems.

C++

C++ is a general-purpose, high-level programming language with low-level facilities. It is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm language, supporting procedural programming, data abstraction, object-oriented programming, generic programming and RTTI.

Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ (originally named "C with Classes") in 1983 at Bell Labs as an enhancement to the C programming language.

Enhancements started with the addition of classes, followed by, among other features, virtual functions, operator overloading, multiple inheritance, templates, and exception handling. A new version of the standard (known informally as C++0x) is being developed.

C++ became popular because it combined traditional C programming with object-oriented programming (OOP) features. Smalltalk and other OOP languages did not provide the familiar structures of conventional languages such as C and Pascal.

Since the 1990s, C++ has been one of the most popular commercial programming languages. Microsoft's Visual C++ is the most widely used C++ language.

Fortran

Fortran Originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications.

Fortran (acronym for Formula Translation ) is a very old language mainly used by the scientific community and its aim is to provide a way to tell computers to calculate mathematical expressions.

Successive versions of Fortran have added support for processing of character-based data ( [F77]), array programming, module-based programming and object-based programming (Fortran 90/95), and object-oriented and generic programming (Fortran 2003).

Fortran is still widely used for scientific application and mainframe platform.

Core Java

Core Java offers a total immersion approach for C\C++ programmer wanting to learn java.

The course will use JDK(Java Development Kit) and covers all the new language features.

This course inclues worked out examples illustrating new JDK features that are fully explained thoughout the course.

Core Java has been carefully planned to help students create faster, smaller and more efficient Java application.

JDBC

JDBC is an API for the Java programming language that defines how a client may access a database. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database. JDBC is oriented towards relational databases.

The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is the industry standard for database-independent connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide range of databases – SQL databases and other tabular data sources, such as spreadsheets or flat files. The JDBC provides a call-level API for SQL-based database access.

JDBC technology allows you to use the Java programming language to exploit "Write Once, Run Anywhere" capabilities for applications that require access to enterprise data. With a JDBC technology-enabled driver, you can connect all corporate data even in a heterogeneous environment.

Advance C

C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. It has since spread to many other platforms. Although C was designed as a system implementation language, it is also widely used for applications. C has also greatly influenced many other popular languages,especially C++, which was originally designed as an extension to C.

Despite its popularity, C has been widely criticized. Such criticisms fall into two broad classes: desirable operations that are too hard to achieve using unadorned C, and undesirable operations that are too easy to accidentally invoke while using C. Putting this another way, the safe, effective use of C requires more programmer skill, experience, effort, and attention to detail than is required for some other programming languages.

This Tutorial Covers a lot of Advance C concept(such as Graphic Under C, TSRs, Drivers, and Kernal basics). As said earlier, effective use of C requires more programmer skill, experience, effort, and attention to detail than is required for some other programming languages, so be careful while using examples given and/or doing some R&D based on the code samples provided.

DSTC

A data structure is a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most efficient algorithm to be used. The choice of the data structure often begins from the choice of an abstract data type. A well-designed data structure allows a variety of critical operations to be performed, using as few resources, both execution time and memory space, as possible. Data structures are implemented using the data types, references and operations on them provided by a programming language, such as C.

Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to certain tasks. For example, B-trees are particularly well-suited for implementation of databases, while routing tables rely on networks of machines to function.

The fundamental building blocks of most data structures are arrays, records, discriminated unions, and references. For example, the nullable reference, a reference which can be null, is a combination of references and discriminated unions, and the simplest linked data structure, the linked list, is built from records and nullable references.

C#

C# (see section on name, pronunciation) is an object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft as part of the .NET initiative and later approved as a standard by ECMA and ISO.

Anders Hejlsberg leads development of the C# language, which has a procedural, object-oriented syntax based on C++ and includes aspects of several other programming languages (most notably Delphi and Java) with a particular emphasis on simplification.

C#'s principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft is Anders Hejlsberg. His previous experience in programming language and framework design (Visual J++, Borland Delphi, Turbo Pascal) can be readily seen in the syntax of the C# language, as well as throughout the Common Language Runtime (CLR) core.

C# is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language.

ASP_net

ASP.NET is the latest version of Microsoft's Active Server Pages technology (ASP). ASP.NET is a part of the Microsoft .NET framework, and a powerful tool for creating dynamic and interactive web pages.

The .NET Framework is a library used to create both computer-based and web-based applications. It is made of different parts. The section that deals with computer applications is referred to as Windows Forms. The part dedicated to the web is called ASP.NET.

Active Server Pages (ASP) is a technology developed primarily by Microsoft to create dynamic web sites that allow a visitor to submit values to a web page. The web page would then transmit the results to a web server. This technology requires some use and knowledge of a scripting language such as VBScript or JavaScript. It is also easily understandable to Visual Basic programmers because both use the same approach to solve problems. To enhance it, Microsoft developed ASP.NET. This new approach allows you to use the .NET Framework and its rich features to create web-based applications.

ADO.NET

At the releasing time of the .NET Framework, Microsoft introduced a new data access model, called ADO.NET. The ActiveX Data Object acronym was no longer relevant, as ADO.NET was not ActiveX, but Microsoft kept the acronym due to the huge success of ADO. In reality, it’s an entirely new data access model written in the .NET Framework.

ADO.NET supports various data sources through both ODBC and OLE-DB, but it also offers another option of using database-specific data providers.

These data providers offer greater performance by being able to take advantage of data-source-specific optimizations.

The original release of ADO.NET included a SQL provider and an OLE-DB provider, with the ODBC and Oracle providers being introduced later. But it supports a number of other providers too.

Autocad

AutoCAD is a CAD software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting, developed and sold by Autodesk, Inc. Initially released in late 1982, AutoCAD was one of the first CAD programs to run on personal computers, and notably the IBM PC. Most CAD software at the time ran on graphics terminals connected to mainframe computers or mini-computers.

In earlier releases, AutoCAD used primitive entities — such as lines, polylines, circles, arcs, and text — as the foundation for more complex objects. Since the mid-1990s, AutoCAD has supported custom objects through its C++ API. Modern AutoCAD includes a full set of basic solid modeling and 3D tools, but lacks some of the more advanced capabilities of solid modeling applications.

MS Access

Microsoft Access is a Window based program created by Microsoft. It helps you store & manage a large collection of information.

A systamatically arrangeed database helps you manage the stored information in an efficient way so that It can access quickly whenever needed.

You can easily create such a database using Access.

A good Database design ensure that you will be able to perform various tasks on it efficiently and accurately and without any hindrance.

Structured Query Language

The Structured Query Language (SQL) is a computer language for accessing and manipulating databases.

The fundamental concept is to think of the data as being stored in one or more tables. When a request is made to retrieve data from these tables, which is called a "query", the resultant output is also presented in as table.

There are many different versions of the SQL language, but to be in compliance with the ANSI SQL '92 Standard, they must use and support the same major keywords in a similar manner (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE, and others.

MySQL

MySQL Pronounced "my S-Q-L" or "my-see-quill," it is a very popular open source, Relational DBMS from MySQL AB, Uppsala, Sweden (www.mysql.com) that runs under various versions of Unix, Windows and Mac.

Widely used for Web applications and Embedded applications, MySQL is available for free from MySQL AB under the GNU license as well as for a fee without restrictions. MySQL includes a C/C++ interface.

There are also ODBC and JDBC drivers available, and many scripting languages such as Perl, Python, TCL, etc. support it.

Macromedia Flash

Macromedia's popular application Flash has redefined the way web developers approach web design. With Flash the web developer is now able to create a user experience that is rich in media and relatively quick loading, especially compared to traditional methods like GIF animations.

Websites made up of music, videos, and custom, graphic intensive interfaces are all possible with Macromedia Flash Macromedia Flash is an industry leading tool that supplies its users with animations, presentations, and mind blowing websites, while doing this at a constant low bandwidth.

Adobe PageMaker

PageMaker is a desktop publishing program from Adobe which creates layout of text and graphics on paper. It can create layouts for individual, multiple, and double-sided pages.

Graphics and text can be placed anywhere in the publication, and there are features for wrapping text around graphics and overlaying text on graphics. Text can be imported from and exported to files in most Mac and PC formats, as well as ASCII files.

PageMaker can import graphics that are in Paint-type, PICT and PICT2, Encapsulated PostScript, and TIFF file formats.

COREL DRAW

CorelDRAW is a vector illustration and page layout program with powerful integrated tools for illustration, photo editing, and painting. Unique interactive tools set it apart, saving you time and making the design process easier. One will learn how to create publications, such as logos and brochures, for use on the Web or in print. Specific skills include creating and transforming objects, adding text and colour to drawings, and creating and modifying symbols and layers in drawings.

CorelDRAW is one of the most powerful and versatile illustration programs on the market today, on any platform. What you do with CorelDRAW is limited only by your imagination, time, and budget. You can see projects ranging from fine art frescoes to silk-screened T-shirts to laser engraved stainless steel parts. Your use may be as ordinary as a flyer for a garage sale or as complex as the annual report for a Fortune 500 company. From desktop publishing to fine art, CorelDRAW gives you the tools. The talent, inspiration and effort come from you.

ILLUSTRATOR

Illustrator is a drawing and design package. This course will give you the experience you need to produce professional Graphics and Illustrations and will increase your levels of productivity and creativity within Adobe Illustrator.

Microsoft Publisher

Microsoft Office Publisher is a desktop publishing application from Microsoft. It is often considered to be an entry-level desktop publishing application, differing from Microsoft Word in that the emphasis is placed on page layout and design rather than text composition and proofing.

Microsoft Publisher 2007 provides simple story editing with Microsoft Word 2007, but unlike Adobe InDesign & Adobe InCopy, it does not provide built in XML story board and copy-editing support.

Publisher is included in high-end editions of Microsoft Office. This reflects Microsoft's emphasis on Publisher as an easy to use and less expensive alternative to the "heavyweights" and also its focus on the small business market where firms do not have dedicated design professionals available to make marketing materials and other documents.

Macromedia Flash 8

Adobe Flash Professional is used to create content for the Adobe Engagement Platform (such as web applications, games and movies, and content for mobile phones and other embedded devices).

Macromedia Flash is an industry leading tool that supplies its users with animations, presentations, and mind blowing websites, while doing this at a constant low bandwidth. This may get you to asking some questions.

Flash is commonly used to create animation, advertisements, various web page components, to integrate video into web pages, and more recently, to develop rich Internet applications.

Macromedia Flash player numbers indicate that it is used by more then 386 million people. This number translates to mean that if you have Flash in your website, over 97.4% of your online audience will be able to see it using the Macromedia Flash player.

INDESIGN

Adobe developed InDesign as a universal binary for native Intel and PowerPC Mac compatibility, shipping InDesign CS3 in April 2007. The CS2 Mac version has code tightly integrated with the PPC architecture, and not natively compatible with the Intel processors in Apple's new machines. Porting these products was therefore a huge endeavor. Adobe decided to devote all its resources to developing CS3, integrating Macromedia products acquired in 2005, rather than recompiling CS2 and simultaneously developing CS3.

Java Script

JavaScript is a powerful, object-based scripting language; JavaScript programs can be embedded directly in HTML web pages.

When combined with the Document Object Model (DOM) defined by a web browser, JavaScript allows you to create Dynamic HTML content and interactive client-side web applications. JavaScript syntax is based on the popular programming languages C, C++, and Java, which makes it familiar and easy to learn for experienced programmers.

At the same time, JavaScript is an interpreted scripting language, providing a flexible programming environment in which new programmers can learn easily.

Java Server Pages

Java Server Pages (JSP) technology enables Web developers and designers to rapidly develop and easity maintain, information- rich, dynamic Web pages that leverage exiting business systems.

As part of the Java technology family, JSP technology enables rapid development of Web-based applications that are platform independent.

JSP technology separates the user interface from content generation, enabling designers to change the overall page layout without altering underlying dynamic content.

The prerequisites are :

* HTML .You should be able to to put together HTML pages.

* Java . You should be able to program in Java.

HTML DOM

The Document Object Model (DOM) is a platform- and language-independent standard object model for representing HTML or XML and related formats.

A web browser is not obliged to use DOM in order to render an HTML document. However, the DOM is required by JavaScript scripts that wish to inspect or modify a web page dynamically. In other words, the Document Object Model is the way JavaScript sees its containing HTML page and browser state.

Because the DOM supports navigation in any direction and allows for arbitrary modifications, an implementation must at least buffer the document that has been read so far.

Hence the DOM is likely to be best suited for applications where the document must be accessed repeatedly or out of sequence order. If the application is strictly sequential and one-pass, the SAX model is likely to be faster and use less memory.

In addition, non-extractive XML parsing models, such as VTD-XML, provide a new memory-efficient option.

DHTML

Dynamic HTML, a combination of HTML enhancements, scripting language and interface that are used to deliver animations, interactions and dynamic updating on Web pages.

The two major elements are the JavaScript language and the DOM (Documetn Object Model). JavaScript is a derivative of JavaScript, and DOM is an interface that presents the HTML document to the programmer as an object model for ease in updating.Thus the dynamic characteristic of DHTML is the way it functions while a page is viewed, not in its ability to generate a unique page with each page load.

A DHTML webpage is any webpage in which client-side scripting changes variables of the presentation definition language, which in turn affects the look and function of otherwise "static" HTML page content, after the page has been fully loaded and during the viewing process.

CSS

Style sheets are a very powerful tool for the Web site developer. They give you the chance to be completely consistent with the look and feel of your pages, while giving you much more control over the layout and design than straight HTML ever did.

HTML tags were originally designed to define the content of a document. They were supposed to say "This is a header", "This is a paragraph", "This is a table", by using tags like <h1>, <p>, <table>, and so on.

The layout of the document was supposed to be taken care of by the browser, without using any formatting tags.

As the two major browsers - Netscape and MS IE (Internet Explorer) - continued to add new HTML tags and attributes to the original HTML specification, it became difficult to a greater extent to create Web sites where the content of HTML documents were clearly separated from the document's presentation layout.

To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - the non profit, standard setting consortium, responsible for standardizing HTML - created STYLES in addition to HTML 4.0. Invented in 1997, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are just now starting to be widely used among browsers and Web developers are learning to be more comfortable with them.

XML

The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a general-purpose markup language. Its primary purpose is to facilitate the sharing of data across different information systems, particularly via the Internet. It is a simplified subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), and is designed to be relatively human-legible.

By adding semantic constraints, application languages can be implemented in XML. These include XHTML, RSS, MathML, GraphML, Scalable Vector Graphics(SVG), MusicXML, and thousands of others.

Moreover, XML is sometimes used as the specification language for such application languages.

What makes XML truly powerful is the acceptance and hard work done by all those who work with databases, programming, office application, etc.

It is because of this hard work that the tools exist to do these conversions from whatever platform into standardized XML data or convert XML into a format used by that platform.

XHTML

XHTML is a markup language for Web pages from the W3C(World Wide Web Consortium). XHTML combines HTML and XML into a single format (HTML 4.0 and XML 1.0). Like XML, XHTML can be extended with proprietary tags. Also like XML, XHTML must be coded more rigorously than HTML.

Over the years, HTML coders have become sloppy, because Web browser software was originally written to tolerate many variations in HTML coding, but, with XHTML, coders must conform to the XML rules.

In one sentence we can say that XHTML is a superset of HTML, but unlike HTML it is stricter to rules and requires a document to follow XML rules.

Whereas HTML is an application of SGML, a very flexible markup language, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML.

Because they need to be well-formed, true XHTML documents allow for automated processing to be performed using standard XML tools—unlike HTML, which requires a relatively complex, lenient, and generally custom parser.

XHTML can be thought of as the intersection of HTML and XML in many respects, since it is a reformulation of HTML in XML.

DTD

DTD is a language that describes the contents of an SGML/HTML (or simply markup) document. The DTD is also used with XML, and the DTD definitions may be embedded within an XML document or in a separate file.

DTDs cannot be used to define XML namespaces, and DTDs are written using their own syntax, not XML syntax. As a result, XML schemas such as W3C XML Schema and RELAX NG are used to define the content of an XML document.

In a DTD, the structure of a class of documents is described via element and attribute-list declarations. Element declarations name the allowable set of elements within the document, and specify whether and how declared elements and runs of character data may be contained within each element.

Attribute-list declarations name the allowable set of attributes for each declared element, including the type of each attribute value, if not an explicit set of valid value(s).

RSS

A syndication format that was developed by Netscape in 1999 and became very popular for aggregating updates to blogs and the news sites. RSS has also stood for "Rich Site Summary" and "RDF Site Summary."

RSS is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated content such as blog entries, news headlines or podcasts.

An RSS document, which is called a "feed," "web feed," or "channel," contains either a summary of content from an associated web site or the full text.

RSS makes it possible for people to keep up with their favorite web sites in an automated manner that's easier than checking them manually.

XSL

EXtensible Stylesheet Language(XSL) is an standard from the W3C for describing a style sheet for XML documents. It is the XML counterpart to the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) in HTML and is compatible with CSS2.

XSL is made up of three components: (1) XSL Transformations (XSLT) is the processing language for XSL. It is used to convert XML documents into HTML or other document types and may be used independently of XSL. (2) XML Path Language (XPath) is used to identify and select tagged elements within an XML document, and (3) XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO) provides the format vocabulary.

An XSLT is the transformation language, which lets you define a transformation from XML into some other format.

For example, you might use XSLT to produce HTML or a different XML structure. You could even use it to produce plain text or to put the information in some other document format.

eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation, converts an XML document into another format such as HTML, PDF or text.

XML Schema

The definition of an XML document, which includes the XML tags and their interrelationships. Residing within the document itself, an XML schema may be used to verify the integrity of the content.

Various recommendations for an XML schema were submitted to the W3C, and a standard was approved in May 2001 that included the ability to define data by type (date, integer, etc.).

An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntax constraints imposed by XML itself.

Through a process called time-sharing, a large computer can handle interaction with hundreds of users simultaneously, giving each the perception of being the sole user.

An XML schema provides a view of the document type at a relatively high level of abstraction.

WAP/WML

WML (Wireless Markup Language) is the new web language for making sites on mobile phones.

Over the past few months new WAP (Wireless Applications Protocol) phones have become extremely popular and many large websites have created special 'mobile' versions of their site.

Many people predict that, over the next few years, WAP sites will become even morepopular and e-commerce over mobile phones will be widely available.

Wireless Markup Language(WML) based on XML, is a content format for devices that implement the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) specification, such as mobile phones, and preceded the use of other markup languages now used with WAP, such as XHTML and even standard HTML (which are gaining in popularity as processing power in mobile devices increases).

Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word is a word processor that is incredibly powerful and amazingly simple to use. Microsoft word is a allows user to create, edit, and print documents using a computer.

It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS(1983), the Apple Macintosh(Mac)(1984), SCO UNIX, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows (1989).

The first version of Word for Windows was released November 1989 . at a price of 500 US dollars.

The great advantage of word processing over using a typewriter is that you can make changes without retyping the entire document. If you make a typing mistake, you simply back up the cursor and correct your mistake. If you want to delete a paragraph, you simply remove it, without leaving a trace.

Internet

Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks. The origins of the Internet can be traced to the creation of ARPANET as a network of computers under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense in 1969.

Today, the Internet connects millions of computers around the world in a nonhierarchical manner unprecedented in the history of communications. The Internet is a product of the convergence of media, computers, and telecommunications.

The Internet supplements the traditional tools you use to gather information, Data, Graphics, News and correspond with other people. Used skillfully, the Internet shrinks the world and brings information, expertise, and knowledge on nearly every subject imaginable straight to your computer.

By the turn of the century, information, including access to the Internet, will be the basis for personal, economic, and political advancement. The popular name for the Internet is the information superhighway.

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a Spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft. Spreadsheets are a great tool for doing math related jobs. Excel is widely used for small scale accounting related work.

Spreadsheet software is used to store information in columns and rows which can then be organized and/or processed. Spreadsheets are designed to work well with numbers but often include text. Sometimes text in a spreadsheet is called a label, because it is labeling columns and rows of numbers.

Numbers are called values sometimes, and can include numbers for counts or measurements, dates, times, and calculations from numbers. Spreadsheets can help organize information, like alphabetizing a list of names or other text or reordering records according to a numeric field.

It is impossible to give a complete listing of applications that can be done in spreadsheets, but they include budgeting displays, checkbook registers, enrollment records, inventories, coded surveys, field and laboratory research data, and financial and accounting applications.

Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is a tool you can use to communicate your ideas through visual aids that appear professionally designed yet are easy to produce.

This guide offers PowerPoint beginners an easy and helpful guide for learning the fundamentals of PowerPoint so that you too can create your own presentations. It also serves as a ready reference tool of reminders for the multitude of basic functions and procedures as you explore the vast capabilities of PowerPoint.

You will find that PowerPoint has nearly unlimited multi-media capabilities and the only limitations are you and your computer

Microsoft Frontpage

FrontPage is a web-authoring software program. It is very easy to use to develop webs. You did not need to know HTML. You work in an environment similar to a word processing program.

FrontPage not only makes it easy for you to create your own Web pages and sites, it also gives the ability to test and troubleshoot the site before publishing it to the World Wide Web. FrontPage was initially created by Vermeer Technologies Incorporated(VTI).

Vermeer was acquired by Microsoft in 1996 specifically so that Microsoft could add FrontPage to its product line-up.

It was part of Microsoft Office application suite from 1997 to 2006. A Macintosh version was also released in 1998. Microsoft Frontpage has since been replaced by Microsoft Expression Web, which was released in December 2006.

One of the notable features of FrontPage is its built-in support for automated web templates. The main distinction between these templates and HTML templates generated by other products is that FrontPage templates include an automatic navigation system that creates animated buttons for pages that have been added by the user.

Computer Hardware

Hardware is a comprehensive term for all of the physical parts of a computer, as distinguished from the data it contains or operates on, and the software that provides instructions for the hardware to acoomplish tasks. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer .

The boundary between hardware and software is slightly blurry – firmware.

Firmware is software that is "built-in" to the hardware, but such firmware is usually the province of computer programmers and computer engineers in any case and not an issue that computer users need to concern themselves with.

Most computer hardware is not seen by normal users. It is in embedded systems in automobiles, microwave ovens, electrocardiograph machines, compact disc players, and other devices.

Tally 5.4

Tally 5.4 is versatile and massive software package , being used by various types of trades and industry.

The Tally 5.4 version also provide facility of inventory management. To take advantages of full potential of tally, the user has to under stand its feature their implication and how to implement them into business scenario. Tally is one of the most simple and complete business solutions available in the world. Anybody who has a basic knowledge of accounts or an average knowledge of English can use Tally.

Tally 8.1

Tally 8.1 is the world’s first business application to support the concurrent or simultaneous use of different languages - a real breakthrough in business accounting and inventory management software. The feature rich Tally 8.1 is a higher version of the VAT compliant and highly successful Tally 7.2.

Tally as we know is purely Indian Software (Tally Solution Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore) to help you in maintaining accounts & Inventory of your office,  home,  Industry or for that  matter any business

which you too may be having.

Backed by a legacy of incredible simplicity, Tally 8.1 takes one more considerable step towards ensuring that concrete business compensation are realized, from accounting on computers.

Computer Fundamental

Fundamental Computer designed to develop the basic computer skills required in today's technological world. Basic computer is no longer a nicety, but rather a necessity. As computers and software have become more powerful, it seems almost human nature to want the biggest and fastest toy one can afford. This course includes an overview of many of the components of a computer including the motherboard, disk drives, memory and more. Interactive instructions and presentations are provided for downloading and updates, software applications from the Internet with the basics of files and folders using the features of Computer and to create and save a basic document, run multiple programs, use shortcuts and to customize desktop.

Networking

Networking is a combination of hardware, software and cabling, which together allow multiple computing device to communicate with each other.

In today’s Internet age, the corporate network is truly the lifeblood of business. As the success of any organization becomes increasingly intertwined and dependent on its network it is crucial to understand the latest in networking technology. And as device networking increases the number of things connected to networks and the Internet, rapidly making M2M (machine to machine) a reality, speed, remote management, wireless networking, reliability and the security of networked devices are all concerns that must be addressed.

TCP/IP

TCP/IP is a communications protocol used to transfer digital data around the internet.

TCP and IP were developed by a Department of Defense (DOD) research project to connect different networks designed by different vendors into a network of networks (the "Internet").TCP/IP is often referred to as the 'internet protocol'.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. If this leads you to think that it is not just one protocol, you’re right. In fact, it is not just two protocols, either. TCP/IP is a suite of protocols.

IP is the bedrock protocol of TCP/ IP. Every message and every piece of data sent over any TCP/ IP network is sent as an IP packet.

IP’s job is to enable data to be transmitted across and between networks. Hence the name: inter- net protocol.

MS Paint

MS Paint or Microsoft Paint (formerly Paintbrush for Windows) is a simple graphics painting program that has been included with almost all versions of Microsoft Windows since its first release. The program opens and saves files as Windows bitmap (24-bit, 256 color, 16 color, and monochrome, all with the .bmp extension), JPEG, GIF (without animation or transparency, although the Windows 98 version and a Windows 95 upgrade did support the latter), PNG (without alpha channel), and TIFF. The program

can be in color mode or two-color black-and-white, but there is no grayscale mode.

Paint is a drawing tool you can use to create simple or elaborate drawings. These drawings can be either black-and-white or color, and can be saved as bitmap files. You can print your drawing, use it for your desktop background, or paste it into another document. You can even use Paint to view and edit scanned photos.

UML

Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized specification language for object modeling. UML is a general-purpose modeling language that includes a graphical notation used to create an abstract model of a system, referred to as a UML model.

UML is officially defined at the Object Management Group (OMG) by the UML metamodel, a Meta-Object Facility metamodel (MOF). Like other MOF-based specifications, the UML metamodel and UML models may be serialized in XMI. UML was designed to specify, visualize, construct, and document software-intensive systems.

UML is not restricted to modeling software. UML is also used for business process modeling, systems engineering modeling, and representing organizational structures. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is a Domain-Specific Modeling language for systems engineering that is defined as a UML 2.0 profile.

Computer System Architecture

In computer engineering, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system.

It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements (especially speeds and interconnections) and design implementations for the various parts of a computer — focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory.

Computer architecture comprises at least three main subcategories-
1.Instruction set architecture,
2.Microarchitecture,
3.System Design..

It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.

Software Testing

Software testing is an activity aimed at evaluating a trait or capability of a program or system and determining that it meets its required results. Although crucial to software quality and extensively deployed by programmers and testers, software testing still remains an art, due to limited understanding of the principles of software. The difficulty in software testing stems from the complexity of software: we can not completely test a program with moderate complexity.

Testing is more than just debugging. The intention of testing can be quality assurance, verification and validation, or reliability estimation. Testing can be used as a generic metric as well. Correctness testing and reliability testing are two major areas of testing. Software testing is a trade-off between budget, time and quality.